Objectives: This study assesses the frequency of depression, anxiety, and stress in Formal and inFormal caregivers of autistic children in Karachi City, Pakistan. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted among caregivers of autistic children in specified centers in Karachi City, Pakistan. There were 255 participants out of which 111 were Formal caregivers and 144 were inFormal caregivers. Depression, anxiety, and stress scale (DASS) was used to collect the data. The chi-square test was used to determine the relationship between the frequency of depression anxiety and stress among the two groups. Results: A total of 76.3% of inFormal caregivers were suffering from mild depression, 59.3% were moderately depressed, and 76.5% were severely depressed (P<0.01). Similarly, 72.4% had mild anxiety, 68.2% were moderately anxious, and 50.5% were severely anxious (P<0.01). In addition, 75.0% demonstrated mild, 71.1% moderate, 85.7% severe, and 95.0% extremely severe stress (P<0.01). However, there were no significant levels of depression, anxiety, and stress found among Formal caregivers. Discussion: Depression, anxiety and stress were more commonly present in parents of autistic children (inFormal caregivers) as compared to Formal caregivers.

BACKGROUND: InFormal and Formal caregivers of older adults with noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) are important in every aspect of current caregiving for older adults by understanding reality specific to direct experiences perceived by each person in caring for older adults in order to develop nursing knowledge and using knowledge to plan care for older adults with NCDs to have a good quality of life. The current study aimed to investigate the points of view on factors concerning the care provided by inFormal and Formal caregivers providing care for older adults with chronic diseases in the community. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study was conducted with a qualitative design. The sample was 5 inFormal and 20 Formal caregivers providing care for patients with chronic diseases, namely hypertension and diabetes mellitus. Furthermore, a qualitative approach was used with four focus groups (FGs) with 25 informants. Data were collected during March–, August 2021 in rural communities of Nakhon Phanom Province, Thailand. Finally, the qualitative analysis used content analysis,FG data were analyzed using content analysis in which a preliminary set of codes was determined according to other documented experiences of patients. RESULTS: The findings revealed three main themes emerging in the data obtained on the perceived factors contributing to the care provided by inFormal and Formal caregivers: “, caregivers’,knowledge, ”,“, factors related to caregivers”,and “, community factors. ”,CONCLUSION: Points of view on the factors correlated with the care provided by inFormal and Formal caregivers of older adults with chronic diseases that explain and confirm the findings can be used to plan care with effects on quality of life among older adults with chronic diseases.

Objectives: As the elderly population increases, the need for their care and establishing nursing homes and hiring Formal caregivers becomes more significant. caregivers are under the pressure and burden of care due to the provision of services. The current study investigates the effect of Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT)-based social work intervention on the extent of care burden among the Formal caregivers of the elderly. Methods: This research was a quasi-experimental study with a pretest-posttest-follow-up design. The study’, s statistical population comprised the Formal caregivers of the elderly. The study sample consisted of 30 caregivers (15 men and 15 women), who were selected by convenience sampling method. The study participants received seven 90-min intervention sessions (CBT-based social work). The intervention protocol was validated by the Agree form using expert opinion evaluation. For data collection, the Zarit caregiver burden interview (short-form) was used. This scale has been validated by Rajabi Mashhadi et al. (2014) in Iran. Results: The care burden score of the explored participants was 24. 20, within the average level. The repeated-measures analysis of variance revealed that the presented intervention provided a significant difference between the two stages of pretest and posttest in physical (P=0. 004) and psychological (P=0. 05) dimensions. Also, the changes in the study variables remained constant until the follow-up stage. Discussion: The obtained data indicate that the provided CBT-based social work intervention with the dimensions of identifying and accessing supportive resources, modifying attitude, and relaxation training can reduce the burden of care in physical, psychological, and general aspects among the study subjects. Therefore, more use of this intervention by specialists can affect the care burden of Formal caregivers. The present research results also highlight the necessity for the attention of nursing home officials, social policymakers, and professionals active in the field of elderly care.

Objectives: Several studies have assessed elder abuse, while caregiver abuse by the elderly has been less addressed. The present study aims to assess the prevalence and associated factors of caregiver abuse by the elderly in nursing homes of Tehran, Iran. Methods & Materials: This cross-sectional study was conducted in 2018 on 124 caregivers of the elderly who were selected using a convenience sampling method from 14 nursing homes in Tehran, Iran. The caregiver abuse was measured by the Survey of Violence Experienced by Staff (SOVES). The data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics in SPSS v. 24. Results: The mean age of participants was 36. 74±, 8. 38 years, and 68. 5% were female. The prevalence of caregiver abuse in the previous 12 months was 42. 7%. Of these, 37. 1% had experienced verbal abuse, 12. 9% threats, and 24. 2% physical abuse. The chi-square test results revealed a significant association between employment status and caregiver abuse, where full-time caregivers were four times more likely to experience abuse (χ,(1) =7. 43, P=0. 006, OR=4. 03). The age, gender, work experience, direct contact, and receiving educational program had no significant association with caregiver abuse by the elderly. 2 Conclusion: There is a high prevalence of caregiver abuse by the elderly in nursing homes of Tehran. Policymakers should plan and take measures to protect the caregivers in nursing homes.

Many philosophers and logicians have contemplated the relationship between ontology and logic. The author of this paper, working within a Bolzanoan-Husserlian tradition of studying both ontology and logic, considers ontology as the science of the most general features of beings and the most general relations among them. He considers logic as the science concerning the most general statements of all (natural or artificial) languages and the most general relations among them from an inferential point of view. It is possible to see logic in a broader sense as the science of all kinds of relations among all kinds of entities, acts, and processes stating some (objective, subjective, artificial, or conventional) reality. These entities, acts, and processes are not individual, rather, they are idealized, such that their universals may be instantiated at all times and in all places. In Formal ontology we search for the properties of those structures of the reality that are Formally similar. So we may find some Formal truths applying to all things and/or properties and/or processes in different areas of objective/subjective/fictional reality.Surveying briefly the most important relations of logic and ontology in both analytic and phenomenological traditions, the author focuses on this central point: If reality is one as the unity of more or less interconnected and interactive beings of all physical, nonphysical and artificial types, the system of inference too may be one as the unity of more or less interconnected statements of all natural and artificial types. The universal system of inference may be divided into several relatively separate subsystems (having a more or less degree of connection) just as the unified reality has divided into several relatively separate fields (having a more or less degree of connection and interaction). According to such a model for corresponding realities and sciences within the unified reality and the unified science, the author assumes the possibility of beginning to construct both the comprehensive system of reference and the comprehensive Formal ontology, both covering all possible members of their own field and being parallel and correspondent to each other, a long-run work, of course, very difficult to do.

Background: Social workers have previously been identified as being at risk of experiencing fatigue, stress and burnout. Social work is strongly client-based, with workers being involved in complex social situations. As such, they can experience many of the conflicts that are evident in human service work. In addition, the last decade has seen a transformation in the nature and practice of social work, as a result of administrative, societal, and political change. A number of writers have commented that much of what is known about stress and burnout among social workers is anecdotal and there is a lack of systematic research findings on this subject. Fatigue is generally defined as a sense of persistent tiredness or exhaustion that is often distressing to the individual. It is a common subjective complaint among Formal caregivers. Accordingly, the etiology of fatigue is believed to be multifactorial. Fatigue is often described by those who experience it in terms of physical, mental, and emotional tiredness. These sensations may be sufficiently consistent as to be characterized as unidimensional or, conversely, as sufficiently distinct in their expression as to be characterized as different dimensions of fatigue. This multidimensional characterization of fatigue is evidenced by the large number and variety of multidimensional fatigue measures currently available. The psychological consequences of providing social support and care to traumatized individuals have been under study for over 2 decades; however, few studies have focused on Formal caregivers (i. e., therapists, child protection workers, nurses, social workers, etc. ) and their emotional response to dealing with traumatized clients. Studies have shown that providing such care can be both highly rewarding and highly stressful. Individuals working in the care-giving professions, though, may have occupational environments and caregiving demands that increase the likelihood of adverse psychological outcomes Theoretically, individuals working in the caring professions often attempt to alter the behaviors and emotions of their clients by providing emotional support (e. g., empathy), strategies for coping with emotions, or better cognitive management skills. Within the context of Formal caregiving, providing therapy to clients who have survived a traumatic event can be particularly stressful. Many researchers have indicated that therapists who work with traumatized clients often show signs of psychological distress as a result of these interactions. The adverse impact of working with clients who have a history of psychological trauma (e. g., sexual and physical abuse, military combat, or community disaster) has been described under a variety of terms: vicarious traumatization, secondary traumatic stress, and fatigue. Method: The present study is a cross-sectional descriptive study that examines multidimensional fatigue in Iranian social workers. This study was conducted from July to November, 2019. The statistical population of the study consisted of all those working in the field of social work in Iranian governmental and non-governmental organizations who were employed at the time of the study. Sampling was done by available method and snowball. A total of 334 people participated in the study. In the present study, the MFI standard questionnaire was used to measure fatigue, which is recognized as one of the most effective and most complete multidimensional fatigue measuring tools. A review of the literature and a history of applying the MFI questionnaire indicate that numerous studies have been carried out worldwide using the above-mentioned questionnaire. This questionnaire provides a deeper and more accurate understanding of a person's fatigue by assessing the extent of general fatigue, physical fatigue, reduced activity, reduced arousal, and mental fatigue. In fact, the MFI measures fatigue in the way that a person feels. General physical exhaustion is related to one's overall day-to-day functions, physical exhaustion is related to physical sensation that is directly related to exhaustion, mental exhaustion is associated with reduced cognitive skills, reduced daily activity, and reduced activity and routine activity. Reduction of motivation refers to a decrease or lack of motivation to start any activity. This questionnaire is applicable to the population of patients and healthy people and consists of 20 items rated on a 5-point Likert scale (from 1 = yes completely right to 5 = completely wrong). Ultimately, higher scores indicate a higher degree of fatigue. It is noteworthy that four questions were considered for each dimension and simultaneously positive and negative orientations were used to reduce the likelihood of bias. The total score for each dimension is 4– 20 and the total fatigue score which is achieved by summing the scores of the areas is between 20 – 100. This questionnaire was first presented by Smiths in 1996, and its validity and reliability in different groups of cognitive populations, such as patients with cancer who were undergoing radiotherapy, patients with concomitant fatigue syndrome, first-year psychology and medical students, soldiers, and third-year medical students were evaluated. Alpha-Cronbach's coefficient was higher than 80% for general, physical and mental fatigue and above 65% for reduced activity and excitement. Cronbach's alpha coefficient for this study was 69%. Demographic characteristics of the sample members including age, education, marital status, work experience, place of work, etc. were collected through a separate questionnaire and a sample questionnaire along with the main questionnaire. The questionnaire was prepared electronically and sent to social workers working in different fields via SMS, email, questionnaire link sharing in social worker social media groups and channels. Data was analyzed by SPSS version 22 using descriptive statistics, Mann-Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis tests. Results: The age of participants was 21 to 62 years with a mean and standard deviation of 38. 91± 23. 82. 84 (25. 1%) participants were male and 250 (74. 9%) were female. The mean and standard deviation of the fatigue score was 62. 72± 4. 9. Mental fatigue and reduced motivation with a mean of 12. 8 were the highest among the dimensions of fatigue. 66. 8% of participants reported too much fatigue. 32. 9% had moderate fatigue and only 0. 3% had no fatigue. The results of mean comparison showed that the mean score of fatigue of social workers in social services area (welfare organization, charity associations and hospitals) was higher than other areas. Age group 56-62 reported higher mean fatigue than other age groups. Social workers with more than 30 years of experience also reported greater job fatigue than others. The results of mean comparisons showed that the mean of fatigue dimensions was different in the different domains (Chi-Square = 6. 806 sig = 0. 047), in the different age groups (Chi-Square = 1. 715 sig=0. 034) and in individuals with different work experience (Chi-Square= 0. 861 sig=0. 035). Discussion: Due to the nature of the social work profession, employment in different workplaces creates different levels of fatigue for social workers. . Therefore, the fatigue caused by employment in this profession is inevitable, and training self-care practices and the ability to change and rotate in different areas of work for social workers can reduce the effects of job fatigue. Making sense of a career and reviewing the reasons for being a social worker are some of the things that can reduce job fatigue. Developing a personal philosophy that guides the thinking and practice of social work will also be effective.

Definition, as the logicians say, is a mechanism for getting the unknown part in imaginations. For knowing something truly, there is no way except resorting to definition. Now the question is where and when definition can have such a usage. Finding a part of the answer will derive us to discussion about the conditions of definition, some of which are the Formal conditions. Among the most important Formal conditions of definition are the composition and the way the elements of definition are formulated. However, accepting these conditions necessitates more discussions; this shows the complexity of this discussion and leads us to the fact that definition is not just a logical discussion; rather, it has a philosophical and epistemological identity as well as linguistic dimensions.

Dasātīr is counted among the essential books of the School of Āzarkeyvān. The subjects it covers and the language it employs have secured it the title of Āzarkeyvānian’ Sacred Scripture. The present article demonstrates that Dasātīr utilizes a particular mode for arranging and articulating its content. More specifically, the text is structured as follows: each of the sixteen parts of Dasātīr opens with two similar clauses, inspired by Quranic doctrines. The first clause draws inspiration from the Istiʽādha expression (seeking refuge with Allah) that Muslims utter before reciting the Quran. The second clause is designed with the Islamic phrase "Bismillah i Rahman i Rahim” (in the name of God, the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful) in mind. However, what distinguishes every letter is its third clause which differs from the third clauses of the previous and following sections. While adding little substantive content to the earlier chapters, these two recurrent clauses help differentiate various parts of the letter, categorizing different themes. Therefore, rather than substantively contributing to Dasātīr, these clauses compose a specific configuration throughout the book. In the second part, the article suggests that the letter of MahĀbād is not only the lengthiest letter of Dasātīr in terms of the number of clauses, but also the most important and prominent among them. Furthermore, recurrent references and textual evidence indicate that other letters of Dasātīr also conform to the letter of MahĀbād. In what follows, the article demonstrates that the letters of Golshāh, Siāmak, Tahmures, Fereydun, Manuchihr, and KayKhosraw are similar in remarkable ways. As a result, we can corroborate their periodization into the Dasātīr sub-age. Finally, through comparison, the article substantiates the dissonance between the first Sāsān's and Dasātīr’s other letters. It then sets forth the hypothesis that perhaps the contents of the said letter are derivative and non-original.